Instruments for assessing and measuring anti-racist behaviors: an integrative review of the literature

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.28998/2175-6600.2025v17n39pe18817

Keywords:

Review, Anti-racism, Instruments, Racism, Scales

Abstract

This study aims to conduct an Integrative Literature Review (ILR) to identify and analyze instruments for measuring anti-racist behaviors over the last ten years (2014-2023). A search was carried out in the Web of Science and PsycINFO databases, using keywords combined with Boolean operators: "Anti-racism" AND "Scale" OR "Inventory", and their Portuguese equivalents in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD): "Antirracismo" AND "Escala" OR "Inventário". The results identified four instruments for assessing anti-racist behaviors and a cultural adaptation. All instruments were developed in the United States, and the cultural adaptation was carried out in Brazil. A shortage of instruments and studies using the existing tools was observed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ALDANA, A; BAÑALES, J; RICHARDS-SCHUSTER, K. Youth Anti-Racist Engagement: Conceptualization, Development, and Validation of an Anti-Racism Action Scale. Adolescent Research Review, v. 4, n. 4, p. 369–381, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-019-00113-1. Acesso em: 30 out. 2024.

BENTO, C. O Pacto da Branquitude. 1. ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2022.

BERNARDO DO NASCIMENTO, V; RODRIGUES, L; MOREIRA, N; MARQUES, N. Os estereótipos do “mito negro” em personagens negros no cinema nacional. Revista Ciências Humanas, v. 17, n. 1, p. 1-13, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.32813/21791120.2024.v17.n1.a1025. Acesso em : 31 out. 2024.

BROSSCHOT, J; GERIN, W; THAYER, J. The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, v. 60, n. 2, p. 113–124, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpsychores.2005.06.074. Acesso em: 23 jan. 2024.

BROWN, T. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press, 2006.

CLARK, K; CLARK, M. Racial identification and preference in Negro children. The Journal of Negro Education, v. 19, n.3, p. 341-350, 1950. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2307/2966491. Acesso em: 10 out. 2024.

CORREA DE MELO, H. A complexidade do racismo estrutural: redução de trabalhadores à condição análoga a de escravos como continuísmo do sistema econômico escravocrata. Revista de direitos fundamentais nas relações do trabalho, sociais e empresariais, v. 6, n. 2, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.26668/IndexLawJournals/2526-009X/2020.v6i2.7152. Acesso em: 15 dez. 2023.

COSTELLO, A; OSBORNE, J. Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, v. 10, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868. Acesso em: 04 set. 2023.

CURRAN, T; ARROYO, A; FABBRICATORE, J; JIAO, J. White privilege critical consciousness, racial attitudes, and intergroup anxiety among parents and adult children in White families. Communication Monographs, v. 90, n. 2, p. 246-270, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03637751.2023.2202712. Acesso em: 30 out. 2024.

DAMASIO, B. Uso da análise fatorial exploratória em psicologia. Avaliação Psicológica, v. 11, n. 2, p. 213–228, 2012. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04712012000200007&lng=pt&nrm=iso. Acesso em: 19 jul. 2025.

D'ANDREA, M; DANIELS, J. Exploring the psychology of White racism through naturalistic inquiry. Journal of Counseling & Development, v. 77, n. 1, p. 93–101, 1999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02426.x. Acesso em: 14 set. 2023.

GLENN, S; MALOTT, M. Complexity and and selection: Implications for organizational change. Behavior and Social Issues, v. 13, p. 89 – 106, 2004. Disponivel em: https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v13i2.378. Acesso em: 10 set. 2023.

GOMES, N. O Movimento Negro Educador: saberes construídos nas lutas por emancipação. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Vozes, 2017.

HADDAWAY, N; PAGE, M; PRITCHARD, C; MCGUINNESS, L. PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, v. 18, n. 2, p. 1 – 12, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230. Acesso em: 30 out. 2024.

HARRELL, S. A multidimensional conceptualization of racismrelated stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, v. 70, n. 1, p. 42–57, 2000. Disponível: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722. Acesso em: 12 ago. 2024.

HAYS, R; SPRITZER, K; THOMPSON, W; CELLA, D. US general population estimate for “excellent” to “poor” self-rated health item. Journal of general internal medicine, v. 30, n. 10, p. 1511-1516, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3290-x. Acesso em: 30 out. 2024.

HOPE, E; PENDER, K; RIDDICK, K. Development and Validation of the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale. Journal of Black Psychology, v. 45, n. 3, p. 185-214, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419865416. Acesso em 24 set. 2024.

HUGHES, D; JOHNSON, D. Correlates in children’s experiences of parents’ racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, v. 63, n. 4, 2001. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00981.x. Acesso em: 20 set. 2024.

IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. IBGE Educa Jovens, 2022. Disponível em: https://educa.ibge.gov.br/jovens/conheca-o-brasil/populacao/18319-cor-ou-raca.html. Acesso em: 21 out. 2024.

JÖRESKOG, K; SÖRBOM, D. LISREL 8: user's reference guide. 2. ed. Scientific Software Internationa, 1996.

KENDI, I. Como ser antirracista. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Alta Cult, 2020.

KEUM, B. Does Witnessing Racism Online Promote Individual and Institutional Anti-Racism Advocacy Among White Individuals? The Role of White Empathy, White Guilt, and White Fear of Other Races. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, v. 24, n. 11, p. 756–761, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0629. Acesso em: 23 jan. 2024.

KEUM, B; MILLER, M. Racism in digital era: Development and initial validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS v1.0). Journal of Counseling Psychology, v. 64, n. 3, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000205. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2024.

KEUM, B; LI, X. Coping with online racism: Patterns of online social support seeking and anti-racism advocacy associated with online racism, and correlates of ethnic-racial socialization, perceived health, and alcohol use severity. PLoS ONE, v. 17, n. 12, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278763. Acesso em: 19 set. 2024.

KEUM, B; WATERS, E; WONG, M; SALIM-EISSA, R. Witnessing racism against racial minority individuals online and loneliness among White emerging adults: Anti-racism advocacy as a moderator. Journal of community psychology, v. 51, n 4, p. 1634–1652, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22944. Acesso em: 30 out. 2024.

MCCONAHAY, J. Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In: DOVIDIO, J; GAERTNER, S. (Org.). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. Academic, 1986, p. 91-126.

MIZAEL, T. DE ALMEIDA, J; SILVEIRA, C; DE ROSE, J. Changing racial bias by transfer of functions in equivalence classes. The Psychological Record, 2016, v. 66, p. 451-462. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-016-0185-0. Acesso em: 23 out. 2024.

MIZAEL, T; SANTOS, S; DE ROSE, J. Contribuições do paradigma de equivalência de estímulos para o estudo das atitudes. Interação em Psicologia, v. 20, n. 2, p. 124-134, 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v20i2.46278. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2023.

MOREIRA, A. Racismo recreativo. 1. ed. São Paulo: Pólen Livros, 2019.

MOROZ, M; RUBANO, D. Subjetividade: a interpretação do behaviorismo radical. Psicologia Da Educação, v. 20, p. 119-135, 2005. Disponível em: https://revistas.pucsp.br/psicoeduca/article/view/43337. Acesso em: 10 set. 2023.

MURPHY, A; CONNER, L; WEILER, A; ANTHONY, B; JEWELL, J; VENABLE, V. Social Work Education Anti-Racism (SWEAR) Scale. Journal of Social Work Education, v. 60, n. 1, p. 4–13, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2023.2248212. Acesso em: 31 out. 2024.

NILSSON, J; MARSZALEK, J; LINNEMEYER, R; BAHNER, A; MISIALEK, L. Development and assessment of the social issues advocacy scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, v. 71, n. 1, p. 258–275, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410391581. Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024.

NUNNALLY, J. Psychometric methods. 2. ed. New York: McGraw, 1978.

PARK, E. Effects of Individual Characteristics and Experiences on MSW Students’ Advocacy. Journal of Social Work Education, v. 59, n. 1, p. 149–163, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2021.1997678. Acesso em: 26 jan. 2024.

PASSARELLI, D; RICO, A; SILVESTRE, M. Contribuições da Análise do Comportamento para a Compreensão do Racismo. REBAC, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 1, jun. 2023. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v19i1.14941. Acesso em 05 jul. 2025.

PASSARELLI, D; ROCHE, B; MIZAEL, T; SILVESTRE, M; DE ROSE, J. Reducing Racial Bias Using a Conflicting Relations Paradigm: A Systematic Replication of Mizael et al. (2016). Behav. Soc. Iss. v. 33, p. 737-764, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-024-00181-6. Acesso em 30 out. 2024

PIETERSE, A; UTSEY, S; MILLER, M. Development and initial validation of the anti-racism behavioral inventory (ARBI). Counselling Psychology Quarterly, v. 29, n. 4, p. 356–381, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2015.1101534. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2024.

PINTERITS, E; POTEAT, V; SPANIERMAN, L. The white privilege attitudes scale: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, v. 56, n. 3, p. 417–429, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016274. Acesso em: 23 out. 2024.

RIBEIRO, B. Socialização étnico-racial e silêncio sobre raça entre universitários. 2022. 178 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sergipe, 2022.

RIBEIRO, D. Pequeno Manual Antirracista. 1. ed. Companhia das Letras, 2019.

SALES, M; PEREIRA, A. Contracinema: mulher e territorio nos filmes yvonne kane (2015), de Margarida Cardoso e Praça Paris (2017), de Lucia Murat. Revista TransVersos, n. 19, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.12957/transversos.2020.52461. Acesso em: 19 dez. 2023.

SAUNDERS, J; AASLAND, O; BABOR, T; DE LA FUENTE, J; GRANT M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, v. 88, n. 6, p. 791–804, 1993. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993. Acesso em: 23 jan. 2024.

SCHUCMAN, L; NOVAES, L. Branquitude e progresso: a Liga Paulista de Higiene Mental e os discursos paulistanos na contemporaneidade. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia [online], v. 12, n. 1, p. 288-311, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.revispsi.uerj.br/v12n1/artigos/pdf/v12n1a17.pdf. Acesso em: 21 out. 2024.

SEATON, E. An examination of the factor structure of the Index of Race-Related Stress among a sample of African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, v. 29, n. 3, p. 292–307, 2003. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798403254211. Acesso em: 23 out. 2024.

SILVA, M; ARAÚJO, W. Biopolítica, racismo estrutural-algorítmico e subjetividade. Educação Unisinos, v. 24, n. 1, p. 1–20, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.4013/edu.2020.241.40. Acesso em: 12 ago. 2024.

SKINNER, B. Ciência e comportamento humano. 11. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2003.

SKINNER, B. About Behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.

SOUZA, M; SILVA, M; CARVALHO, R. Integrative review: what is it? How to do it?. Einstein (São Paulo), v. 8, n. 1, p. 102–106, 2010. Acesso em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082010RW1134. Acesso em: 20 set. 2023.

SPANIERMAN, L; HEPPNER, M. Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): construction and Initial Validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, v. 51, n. 2, p. 249–262, 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.249. Acesso em: 19 mai. 2024.

STEPHAN, W; STEPHAN, C. Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, v. 41, n. 3, p. 157– 175, 1985. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x. Acesso em: 23 mar. 2024.

STUFFLEBEAM, D. L.; SHINKFIELD, A. J. Evaluación sistemática: Guia teórica y práctica. Barcelona: Edición Paidós; Madrid: MEC, 1989.

TROYNA, B; CARRINGTON, B. Education, racism and reform. Routledge, 1990.

URSI, E. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: Revisão integrativa da literatura. 2005. 105f. Dissertação (Mestre em Enfermagem) – Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005.

UTSEY, S; BELVET, B; HUBBARD, R; FISCHER, N; OPAREHENAKU, A; GLADNEY, L. Development and validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale. Journal of Black Psychology, v. 39, p. 532–559, 2013. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984124618.

Published

2025-12-15

How to Cite

NASCIMENTO, Venícius Bernardo do; MARQUES, Natália Santos. Instruments for assessing and measuring anti-racist behaviors: an integrative review of the literature. Debates em Educação, [S. l.], v. 17, n. 39, p. e18817, 2025. DOI: 10.28998/2175-6600.2025v17n39pe18817. Disponível em: https://ufal.emnuvens.com.br/debateseducacao/article/view/18817. Acesso em: 2 feb. 2026.

Issue

Section

Artigos